NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module Assignment: Case Study Analysis

NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module Assignment: Case Study Analysis 

NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Module Assignment: Case Study Analysis

Advanced Pathophysiology Module Assignment

The case scenario depicts a 42-year-old male presenting to the ED with dysuria, low back pain, inability to empty the bladder fully, severe perineal pain, fevers, and chills that began two days ago. Vital signs include: T-104.0 F, pulse-138, respirations- 24, and PaO2 96% on room air. DRE reveals that the prostate is enlarged, extremely tender, swollen, and warm. The purpose of this paper will be to discuss STDs affecting fertility, inflammatory markers in STDs, and causes of prostatitis.

Factors That Affect Fertility (STDs)

STDs are associated with infertility in both males and females. Chlamydia is the most common STD associated with male infertility since it causes genetic damage in sperms. Syphilis causes epididymitis, an inflammation of the epididymis that stores and transports sperm (Tsevat et al., 2017). It is also associated with erectile dysfunction, which contributes to infertility in males. Gonorrhea is also associated with epididymitis, which contributes to male infertility. Furthermore, Hepatitis B infection is associated with a reduced sperm count and decreased sperm mobility (Tsevat et al., 2017). Mycoplasma Genitalium causes epididymitis and urethritis, which causes male infertility (Tsevat et al., 2017). The patient has symptoms consistent with an STD, such as dysuria, inability to fully empty the bladder, low back pain, perineal pain, fever, and chills. If he tests positive for an STD, he will be at risk of developing epididymitis and urethritis, which may cause infertility.

Why Inflammatory Markers Rise In STD/PID

Inflammatory markers rise in STDs secondary to infection and inflammation of the genital tract. Chlamydia has the highest rise

NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Module Assignment Case Study Analysis

of inflammatory markers since its irritation to the genital tract is more severe irritation compared to other STDs (Jansen et al., 2019). Inflammatory markers that rise in STDs include Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBCs) (Jansen et al., 2019). In the case study, the patient may have increased inflammatory markers due to inflammation of the prostate. The inflammation is evidenced by an enlarged, tender, swollen, and warm prostate.

Why Prostatitis and Infection Happens

Prostatitis refers to an inflammation of the prostate gland. It is mostly an STD complication. Prostatitis occurs when bacteria from the lower urinary tract move through the urethra or backflow of infected urine into the prostate ducts (Xiong et al., 2020). The bacteria infect the prostate gland causing prostatitis. Symptoms of prostatitis include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, lower abdominal pain, low back pain, and body aches (Xiong et al., 2020). Urinary symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency, pain in the genital area, and urinary retention. The patient’s symptoms of fever, chills, low back pain, dysuria, inability to fully empty the bladder, and perineal pain are consistent with prostatitis.

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A systemic reaction develops when microbes travel from the prostate gland to other body organs via the lymphatic system. This causes a lymph node infection resulting in lymphadenopathy (Xiong et al., 2020). The client is at risk of having a systemic reaction if the bacteria from the prostate gland travel via the lymphatic system to other body organs.

NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module Assignment: Case Study Analysis  Conclusion

Male infertility is caused by STDs such as chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, Hepatitis B, and Mycoplasma Genitalium. Infertility occurs due to epididymitis, urethritis, and erectile dysfunction. The rise of inflammatory markers in STDs is caused by genital tract inflammation. Prostatitis occurs when microbes from the lower urinary tract travel into the prostate ducts through the urethra or backflow of infected urine. A systemic infection arises when the microbes travel to other body organs via the lymphatic system.

NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Module Assignment: Case Study Analysis  References

Jansen, M., van Ess, E., Ouburg, S., Gerds, M., Morré, S., & Land, J. (2019). C-reactive protein as a marker of persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection is not associated with tubal factor infertility—an independent clinical validation study. Human reproduction open, 2019(4), hoz029. https://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoz029

Tsevat, D. G., Wiesenfeld, H. C., Parks, C., & Peipert, J. F. (2017). Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 216(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.08.008

Xiong, S., Liu, X., Deng, W., Zhou, Z., Li, Y., Tu, Y., … & Fu, B. (2020). Pharmacological interventions for bacterial prostatitis. Frontiers in pharmacology, 11, 504. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00504

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